{"id":3489,"date":"2025-07-17T07:28:23","date_gmt":"2025-07-17T05:28:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/trajectoiresjeunestrans.fr\/non-categorise\/correcting-the-wrong-gender-publication-of-a-socio-historical-investigation-into-the-emergence-of-clinical-care-for-trans-minors-in-france-under-the-aegis-of-colette-chiland\/"},"modified":"2025-07-17T07:28:23","modified_gmt":"2025-07-17T05:28:23","slug":"correcting-the-wrong-gender-publication-of-a-socio-historical-investigation-into-the-emergence-of-clinical-care-for-trans-minors-in-france-under-the-aegis-of-colette-chiland","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trajectoiresjeunestrans.fr\/en\/news\/correcting-the-wrong-gender-publication-of-a-socio-historical-investigation-into-the-emergence-of-clinical-care-for-trans-minors-in-france-under-the-aegis-of-colette-chiland\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cCorrecting the wrong gender?\u201d Publication of a socio-historical investigation into the emergence of clinical care for trans minors in France under the aegis of Colette Chiland"},"content":{"rendered":"

A socio-historical investigation, conducted by Nicolas Sall\u00e9e and Leda Raia, has just been published in the journal Sociologie. Drawing in particular on analyses of published texts and interviews with some of TJT\u2019s founding members (Agn\u00e8s Condat and Jean Chambry, child and adolescent psychiatrists), the authors revisit the historical intellectual contexts that have successively shaped clinical approaches to gender-nonconforming children and adolescents in France. The article notably traces the co-creation of Trans Youth Trajectories by healthcare professionals, researchers and associations of people directly concerned. <\/p>\n

According to the authors, the clinical treatment of gender-nonconforming youth has long been marked by enduring controversies, structured around two rival clinical positions. On the one hand, a stance of \u201cframing\/supporting gender transition pathways for minors\u201d; on the other, a \u201ccorrective\u201d stance, aiming to realign as early as possible their gender identity with the sex category assigned at birth. These divergent approaches clash in particular over the question of age thresholds beyond which medical or surgical intervention becomes conceivable, making time and child development a major site of power struggles. <\/p>\n

The history reconstructed by the authors begins in the United States in the 1960s, with clinicians\u2019 efforts to correct effeminacy in young boys. Figures such as John Money and Richard Green developed a theoretical and practical framework for psychological intervention based on the idea of children\u2019s \u201cdevelopmental plasticity\u201d, inherited from the Johns Hopkins clinic in Baltimore and its corrective treatment of intersex children. Within this theoretical framework, the child is conceived as a \u201cliving laboratory\u201d (Gill-Peterson, 2018), capable of being \u201creinstalled within the biological binary of sex\u201d provided that intervention occurs early. This therapeutic paradigm was later extended to the treatment of children now considered transgender. <\/p>\n

Colette Chiland, a French child psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, is one of the central figures in the importation of this corrective stance into France. In 1980, she met \u201cAntoine\u201d, a four-year-old boy who wished \u201cto become a girl when he grows up\u201d. She described him as a \u201cStoller-type boy\u201d, referring to the psychiatrist Robert Stoller, who viewed some gender-nonconforming children as future \u201ctranssexuals\u201d whose identity would be shaped by a dominant mother and an absent father. Chiland aligned herself with this lineage and hoped, as she later stated, that \u201cwith psychoanalytic treatment, we would manage to make them change their mind\u201d (Chiland, 2013). <\/p>\n

Inspired by North American work, she developed a form of psychotherapy aimed at preventing any \u201cbecoming trans\u201d (Maud-Yeuse Thomas, 2010), while promoting an interactional explanation of \u201csexed identity\u201d. She argued that this identity is constructed from as early as 18 months of age, at the intersection of a \u201cbiological bedrock\u201d and a \u201cpsychological bedrock\u201d, and that this latter dimension can be reoriented through treatment: \u201cTreatments of children allow us to observe these interactions in vivo and to intervene directly in these interactions\u201d (Braconnier, 2005). <\/p>\n

This therapeutic stance, although paternalistic, was presented as being motivated by goodwill, insofar as it sought to protect children from the \u201csuffering of the transsexual trajectory\u201d (Chiland, 2013). Colette Chiland cites the example of Antoine, who reportedly stated at the end of treatment: \u201cI don\u2019t need to come anymore, now I know that I have to say that I am a boy.\u201d This resignation, however, was interpreted as a therapeutic success, rather than as a constrained renunciation. <\/p>\n

The introduction in 1980 of the diagnosis Gender Identity Disorder in Children (GIDC) in the DSM-III contributed to legitimising these corrective approaches. Yet this psychiatric classification evolved in 2013, when the DSM-5 replaced GIDC with \u201cgender dysphoria in children\u201d, defined no longer as a disorder but as distress linked to the incongruence between experienced gender and sex assigned at birth. This did not prevent \u201cdysphoria [from continuing to be] understood as an individual reaction (stress, depression, etc.) to a hostile environment\u201d, thus maintaining a pathologising framework (H\u00e9rault, 2015). <\/p>\n

Despite these shifts, the corrective stance persisted, notably with Kenneth Zucker, who directed the specialised Toronto clinic until 2015. Although he claimed an approach described as \u201cwatchful waiting\u201d, he considered that \u201cfor young children, things were still flexible\u201d (Agn\u00e8s Condat, quoted in the article). Zucker and Chiland thus shared the belief that trans identification could be prevented if intervention occurred early enough. Zucker, for example, emphasised that \u201cin a large number of cases, this rejection [of biological sex] disappears during psychological work with the child and both parents.\u201d <\/p>\n

Paradoxically, Chiland also paved the way for a shift in practices. She contributed to the training of a generation of psychiatrists – notably Agn\u00e8s Condat and Jean Chambry – who, in the early 2010s, initiated the first hospital-based consultations in France aimed at supporting gender transitions. At Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re and Fondation Vall\u00e9e, these practitioners, although trained within a traditional psychoanalytic framework, experimented with a more supervisory and flexible stance, more respectful of young people\u2019s lived experience. <\/p>\n

This evolution notably involved a revision of age thresholds. In France, legal medical adulthood is set at 18, but these new practices made it possible to initiate care pathways from the onset of puberty. In 2013, Chiland co-signed with Condat the first psychiatric certificate authorising puberty suppression and a social transition at school for a ten-year-old child. Condat nevertheless recalls the clinical thinking of the time: \u201cIf we could manage so that people would ultimately not be trans [\u2026], it would avoid going through treatments [\u2026], and above all through social rejection. So there was this idea that the benefit for the child, if it were possible, was still that they would become cis.\u201d <\/p>\n

The momentum initiated by these pioneering consultations led to the creation of Multidisciplinary Case Meetings (RCPs), aimed at shifting therapeutic decision-making by embedding it within a collegial framework. These RCPs are inspired by the oncology model and make it possible to discuss cases collectively, while providing practitioners with an ethical, scientific and legal framework (Thomazo, 2021). <\/p>\n

However, from the late 2010s, a new wave of backlash began to emerge. It particularly targeted adolescents assigned female at birth, whose requests for transition toward masculinity or non-binary identities then became predominant (see on this topic the TYT articles published here<\/a> and here<\/a>). This resurgence of a corrective stance has been fuelled by a shift of the debate into the public and political sphere. In 2024, a bill adopted at first reading in the Senate – but never examined by the National Assembly – proposed strict regulation of access to puberty blockers and a ban on gender-affirming hormones and surgeries before the age of 18. This hardening reflects a reactivation of paternalism under the guise of \u201cchild protection.\u201d <\/p>\n

The authors finally stress the sociopolitical dimension of these debates. Behind medical discourses lie struggles over the definition of gender, norms of parenthood, the place of the child in society, and the relationship between expert knowledge and subjectivity. Current controversies place in tension \u201cdifferent conceptions of gender and of the links between sex and gender,\u201d revealing the fault lines of a society being reshaped around questions of identity. <\/p>\n

Drawing on an approach inspired by Michel Foucault, the article sheds light on the power dynamics at work in clinical practices: those of a medical and familial paternalism that positions itself as the guardian of sexual and gender norms. But it also highlights the forms of resistance that are emerging, carried by young people, their families, community organisations, and professionals committed to respecting the right to self-determination. This is the central challenge: to move beyond a pathologising framework and to build a space of care where identities can be expressed without being corrected. <\/p>\n

To access the article, click here<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Important investigation into the origins of TYT<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3488,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3489","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","grve-entry-item","grve-blog-item"],"yoast_head":"\n\u201cCorrecting the wrong gender?\u201d Publication of a socio-historical investigation into the emergence of clinical care for trans minors in France under the aegis of Colette Chiland - Trans Youth Trajectories<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Important investigation into the origins of TYT\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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